What is tunicamycin used for?
Tunicamycin is the most common agent used to study the effects of nucleoside antibiotics on the kidney. It is also commonly used in vitro to study the effects of ER stress in various cell types (Bassik and Kampmann, 2011).
What does tunicamycin do to cells?
Studies suggest that tunicamycin may work as a therapeutic drug to cancer cells by inducing stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through unfolded protein response (UPR) and thereby promoting apoptosis.
How does tunicamycin cause ER stress?
Tunicamycin is an inhibitor of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (GPT), therefore blocking the initial step of glycoprotein biosynthesis in the ER. Thus, treatment of tunicamycin causes accumulation of unfolded glycoproteins in the ER, leading to ER stress.
How to dissolve tunicamycin?
Tunicamycin is sparingly soluble in aqueous buffers. For maximum solubility in aqueous buffers, tunicamycin should first be dissolved in DMSO and then diluted with the aqueous buffer of choice. Tunicamycin has a solubility of approximately 0.25 mg/ml in a 1:3 solution of DMSO:PBS (pH 7.2) using this method.
Is Tunicamycin FDA approved?
Tunicamycin (TM) is a nucleoside antibiotic known to induce ER stress and is a commonly used inducer of AKI. 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) is an FDA approved substance used in children who suffer from urea cycle disorders.
What is a stress inhibitor?
ER stress inhibitors such as tauroursodeoxychloic acid (TUDCA; Xie et al., 2002; Ozcan et al., 2006) and salubrinal (Boyce et al., 2005) are generally used to suppress ER stress. TUDCA is a known ER stress inhibitor as a chemical chaperone that stabilizes the structure of proteins (Xie et al., 2002).
What is dolichol pyrophosphate?
Dolichyl pyrophosphate serves as a carrier in this biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we discuss the function of the lipid carrier dolichol in oligosaccharide assembly and give an overview of the biosynthesis of the different sugar donors required for the building of the oligosaccharide.
What does Endo H do?
Endoglycosidase H (Endo H) is commonly used by cell biologists to monitor posttranslational modification in the Golgi apparatus. Most proteins destined for the cell surface are translated by ribosomes into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated into the Golgi.
Is dolichol phosphate a lipid?
Sugar residues composed of the core oligosaccharide are added in order to a phosphate group of dolichol phosphate (P-Dol), which is a long-chain lipid formed by approximately 20 α-isoprene units.
Where is dolichol phosphate located?
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The dolichol phosphate is located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, with the phosphate probably oriented toward the cytosol. The first two GlcNAc and five mannose residues that are attached to dolichol are derived from UDP-GlcNAc and GDP-mannose, respectively.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT1bPtboEkY