What causes Citrobacter freundii complex?

Etiology. The causative agent of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, C. rodentium (formerly Citrobacter freundii strain 4280), is a nonmotile, gram-negative rod that ferments lactose but does not utilize citrate or does so marginally (Barthold, 1980; Schauer et al., 1995).

How do you treat Citrobacter freundii complex?

Citrobacter freundii infection is usually treated with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones, carbapenems and cephalosporins. The treatment plan depends up on the vulnerability of the microbe to the antibiotics and the site of the infection.

What is Citrobacter freundii complex?

Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae which currently consists of 13 recognized species. These bacteria have a rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm.

How is C. freundii spread?

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Citrobacter may be spread by direct contact with hospital staff members, mother to child transmission or through ingestion of environmental sources (fecal-oral route) but person-to-person transmission is more prevalent 7, 11.

Is Citrobacter freundii UTI?

freundii infections. Although Citrobacter spp. are less commonly isolated, they are emerging as a common nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogen, especially in developing countries. UTI caused by Citrobacter spp. have been seen in 12% patients in 1961, and since then, its prevalence has been increasing.

How is Citrobacter freundii transmitted?

What is Citrobacter infection?

Citrobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens in humans that can lead to invasive disease, including infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, CNS, skin, and soft tissue.

What is the best antibiotic for Citrobacter freundii?

Drug of Choice Based on the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities described above, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, and the fourth-generation cephems, such as cefepime and cefpirome, would appear to be preferred therapeutic agents for C. freundii infections.

What is Citrobacter freundii sensitive to?

An examination of 99 field and reference strains of Citrobacter freundii showed 79% of them to be resistant to cephaloridine and sensitive to carbenicillin, while 96% of 45 field and reference strains of Citrobacter koseri examined were sensitive to cephaloridine and resistant to carbenicillin.

What is Citrobacter freundii in urine?

[1,2] The genus Citrobacter is distinct group of aerobic, gram negative bacilli from the Enterobacteriaceae family, widely distributed in water, soil, food and intestinal tract of man and animals. UTIs caused by Citrobacter species have been described in 5 to 12% of bacterial urine isolates in adults.

Is Citrobacter freundii opportunistic?

Citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections and resistant to various antibiotics.

What is the shape of Citrobacter freundii?

Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The bacteria have a long rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm. Most C. freundii cells generally have several flagella used for locomotion, but some do not and are non-motile.

Is Citrobacter bacteremia caused by lesser-known species?

While C. braakii is part of the genome species 6 of the previous Citrobacter freundii complex, there is a lack of definitive research on the subject of Citrobacter bacteremia caused by lesser- known species.

What is the role of Citrobacter freundii in nitrogen cycle?

Citrobacter freundii. This microbe plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle in the environment. C. freundii is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment. This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the nitrogen cycle. C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.

How many species of Citrobacter are there?

Citrobacter species are gram-negative bacilli that have been noted to cause infections in immune compromised patients. The re-speciation of Citrobacter by its varied genetic composition has produced 11 distinct species.