What is an extranodal lymphoma?

Abstract. The term extranodal disease refers to lymphomatous infiltration of anatomic sites other than the lymph nodes. Almost any organ can be affected by lymphoma, with the most common extranodal sites of involvement being the stomach, spleen, Waldeyer ring, central nervous system, lung, bone, and skin.

What does extranodal mean?

Refers to an area or organ outside of the lymph nodes.

Can Hodgkin’s lymphoma be extranodal?

HL is an uncommon malignancy mainly involving the lymph nodes and the lymphatic system. An extranodal presentation of HL is unusual and the most common sites of presentation for extranodal extension are the spleen, liver, lungs, bones and marrow. However, such instances are seldom observed in the clinic.

Which organ is the most common extranodal site of lymphoma?

The most frequently involved system is GI tract (Stomach being the commonest site) followed by Waldeyer’s ring (when tonsil is considered as an extranodal site), lung, liver, spleen, bone and and skin (1). Primary CNS lymphoma is also well documented.

How common is extranodal lymphoma?

Extranodal involvement can be seen with lymphoma in approximately 25–40% of cases and almost any organ can be involved[2,3]. Extranodal involvement is less common with Hodgkin disease (HD) with direct extension into adjacent organs in 15% and hematogenous spread in 5–10%.

What does no extranodal extension mean?

Extra-nodal extension (ENE). Extra-nodal extension is defined as tumor cells perforating the lymph node capsule into the peri-nodal tissue. Tumor tissue within the lymph node capsule itself was not considered as extra-capsular invasion [8].

What is the difference between nodal and extranodal lymphoma?

Extranodal lymphoma, by definition, involves sites other than lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and the pharyngeal lymphatic ring. Involvement of the spleen in HD is considered as nodal disease but in the case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) the spleen is regarded as an extranodal site.

What is extranodal extension in axillary lymph nodes?

Extranodal extension (ENE) is defined as the tumor cells breaking through the lymph node capsule into peripheral adipose tissue and causing connective tissue reaction (Fig.

What does extra nodal extension mean?

Extra-nodal extension is defined as tumor cells perforating the lymph node capsule into the peri-nodal tissue. Tumor tissue within the lymph node capsule itself was not considered as extra-capsular invasion [8].

Is tonsil an extranodal site?

Primary tonsillar lymphoma accounts for less than 1% of head and neck malignancies, although the tonsil is the most common primary extranodal site of head and neck non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

What does extranodal extension present mean?

Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread.

What is lymphatic invasion?

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is the movement of cancer cells into either a blood or lymphatic vessel. Blood vessels carry blood to and from organs. Lymphatic vessels bring excess fluid, waste, and other substances away from organs so they can be examined by the immune system before being removed from the body.